Density, Volume, Mass and Weight

Students will be able to:

· Define density as mass divided by volume

· Identify the relative density of different objects by observing how they float or sink in water

· Define volume

· Define how to measure volume by either using a meter stick or water

· Define mass

· Explain how mass does not change depending on location

· Define weight as how hard gravity pulls on an object (mass x gravity)

· Explain how weight changes on different planets because gravity of each planet is different

· Identify which type of scale will measure mass correctly on other planets and which type will measure weight correctly on different planets.

Motion and Forces

Students will be able to:

· Given two tracks (with different shapes) identify on which track a ball will take less time to roll to the end. In other words, the ball on which road will win.

· Define speed

· Define acceleration

· Identify the acceleration of an object in free fall

· Identify the acceleration of an object on a ramp compared to when in free fall

· Read a motion diagram. Identifying when an object is moving at a constant speed, speeding up or slowing down.

· Create a motion diagram for any given scenario

· Identify when an object is moving at its fastest speed while in free fall

· Identify when an object has zero velocity when in free fall

· Identify the acceleration of an object at all positions in free fall including at the top of the flight.

· Explain in detail why every object falls at -9.8 m/s² when in free fall (no air resistance) and how this depends on both weight and inertia.

· Apply Newton’s first law the natural state of an object is at rest or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line (constant velocity).

· Define inertia

· Use the idea of inertia to explain how objects speed up, slow down or turn.

· Show the path of an object that was traveling in a straight line but receives a force in a new direction.

· Show the path of an object that was traveling in a circle but suddenly loses the force that is causing it to travel in a circular motion.

· Explain why water stays in a bucket when you swing it in a circle from the floor to above your head.

· Explain why a penny stays on the tip of a hanger when you swing it around.

· Apply Newton’s second law to show that the result of a net force acting on an object is for the object to accelerate.

· Identify the forces acting on an object at rest

· Identify the forces acting on an object as it slides across the floor.

· Identify the forces on an object when it is in free fall

· apply Newton’s third law to forces (every force has an equal and opposite force)

· Determine the relative acceleration of two objects that receive the same force but have different mass.

· Define friction

· Explain how friction changes the natural motion of an object

· Identify the net force on an object when it’s moving at a constant speed

Air and water

· Terms: atom, molecule, ion, cation, anion, isotope, atomic number, mass number, atomic weight, element, compound, mixture. You won’t be asked to give definitions but you are expected to understand these terms and apply their definitions in answering questions.

· define that atoms, molecules and ions are all building blocks of matter. Some substance consist of atoms, some consist of molecules and some consist of ions.

· Name the sub-atomic particles that make up atoms: protons, neutrons and electrons. Describe with the right terms (nucleus, orbits) where they are located inside an atom. Understand the relative size of the space taken up by nucleus and the space occupied by electrons in an atom.

· Know the charge and the mass number of each proton, neutron and electron.

· Interpret a schematic diagram of an atom/ion showing protons, neutrons and electrons. Identify what is represented in the diagram: atom or ion, cation or anion, the type of element.

· Define isotope. Differentiate atomic number and mass number. Know how to determine atomic number and mass number given proper information.

· Identify the atomic number and atomic weight of given atoms using the periodic table.

· Given proper information, write the shorthand notation of an atom in any of the following three forms (a carbon atom is used as an example here): carbon-13. Be able to interpret any of the three shorthand representation of an atom in term of number of proton, neutron and electron.

· explain that a molecule forms when two or more atoms bond together. A molecule can be formed by the same type of atoms (O₂, N₂, H₂) or different types of atoms (CO₂, H₂O, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁).

· Define a covalent bond. Explain how different molecules can have different number of bonds and different shapes. Differentiate between nonpolar covalent bond and polar covalent bond.

· Have a general idea about the composition of air: N₂ and O₂ are the two most abundant gases in the air; (Ar and CO₂ is the 3^rd and the 4^th most abundant).

· Define solution, solute and solvent. Describe how a solution could be a liquid, a gas or a solid.

· Explain the change in the composition from inhaled breath to exhaled breath.

· Describe the origin of atmospheric pressure. Standard pressure = 1 atm = 760 mmHg. Know that mmHg is a unit for pressure.

· Explain how atmospheric pressure changes with elevation. Provide examples that prove the atmosphere applies its pressure in all directions, not just downwards.

· Elaborate on the following statement about ozone: “good up high, bad nearby”.

· Have a general understanding of the difference between UV-A, UV-B and UV-C and their damaging effect. Which of the rays reach the surface of the earth and how much.

· Describe the difference between sunscreen and sunblock in terms of how they protect us from damaging UV rays.

· Have a general understanding of the negative health effects of ozone as an air pollutant.

· Explain how carbon monoxide poisoning works within the blood and how carbon dioxide kills.

· Have a general understanding of the term “greenhouse effect” and the fact that carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a greenhouse gas (in addition to water vapor, methane (CH₄))

· Be able to apply the following rules for naming compounds composed of two nonmetals.

o Elements are named in the order they appear in a formula.

o Change the 2^nd element’s name to end in “-ide”

o Use a prefix before the name of each element to show the number of atoms of each element present in the compound.

o If there is only one atom of the first element, no need to use the prefix “mono” for the element.

o If the name of the second element starts with a vowel, the last letter in the prefix (except “di” and “tri”) is dropped.

· Know the following unique properties of water and how they make life, as we know it, possible.

o Ice (solid water) is less dense than liquid water

o Water has unusually high boiling and freezing point

o Water is a universal solvent.

· Draw water molecules and identify the covalent bonds in a water molecule. Understand that the covalent bonds between O and H atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bond because the electrons are not shared equally between the O and the H atoms.

· Understand the following about partial charges and the overall charge in a water molecule.

o Partial negative charge on the O atom

o Partial positive charge on the H atoms

o Overall, the water molecule is neutral

· Describe what a hydrogen bond is.

· Differentiate covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds, especially the fact that covalent bonds are bonds within a molecule (intramolecular) while a hydrogen bond is a bond between molecules (intermolecular).

· Water has unusually high boiling point and freezing point, an important property that make life on earth possible.

· Many unusual properties of water including ice being less dense than water, unusually high boiling point and freezing point, can all be attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules in liquid and solid phases.

· Explain the difference between electrolyte and nonelectrolyte in terms of.

o what happens to them when they are dissolved in water

o the electrical conductivity of aqueous solution of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte

· Given the formula of a compound, determine whether it is an ionic compound or a molecular compound.

· All molecular compounds are nonelectrolyte; ionic compounds that are soluble in water are electrolytes.

Study Hints:

When you study, we strongly recommend that you test yourself, don’t just “review”. Use a blank quiz or the clicker questions from the lectures and try to answer them without being able to see the key. Then check yourself. If you miss the question, you know you need to spend some more time figuring out how that topic works.

Quiz 8 Blank Key

Quiz 10 Blank Key

Quiz 12 Blank Key